Green energy, the dilemma of Coal in Kosova

By Florent Demelezi

The electricity sector's reliance on environmentally and health-damaging resources, such as lignite coal, can significantly grapple Kosovo development trajectory. This reliance presents a critical juncture, where the need to meet energy demands must be balanced against public health, environmental sustainability, and economic stability.

Despite an estimated 14 billion tonnes of lignite reserves – ranking fifth globally. Kosovo relies heavily on lignite coal for electricity generation, with two primary ageing lignite plants, Kosova A (800 MW) and Kosova B (678 MW), providing 95–97% of the country’s electricity. However, they are also the largest contributors to air pollution and dust emissions in the Western Balkans. Constructed between 1962 and 1983, these plants operate using mid-20th century technology, resulting in inefficiencies and substantial environmental concerns. Despite ongoing refurbishment efforts and the planned retirement of a unit at Kosovo A, coal remains the dominant energy source for Kosova’s future. The continued partial operation of Kosovo A beyond its initial retirement date, coupled with the refurbishment timeline for Kosovo B extending into 2026, clearly indicates this persistent reliance.

The municipality of Obiliq, home to these coal plants, suffers the most from air pollution. Chronic bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory diseases are alarmingly prevalent, particularly among children. A study by the Health and Environment Alliance estimates annual health costs from coal-related pollution in Kosovo range from €144 million to €352 million across Europe. The capital city “Prishtina”, located near Obiliq, frequently experiences air quality levels comparable to some of the most polluted cities globally. Studies have indicated a clear correlation between residing near coal mines and power plants and an increased susceptibility to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Emissions from outdated power plants significantly exceed EU pollution standards, releasing particulate matter (PM, PM10, PM2.5), sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), total organic compounds (TOC), greenhouse gases, trace elements, and acid gases, all of which can contribute to a range of health problems, from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases to cancer. These pollutants degrade air quality, contribute to acid rain, and exacerbate respiratory illnesses. According to the World Bank, air pollution in Kosovo causes approximately 835 premature deaths annually, alongside thousands of respiratory diseases, with economic losses of around €100 million each year.

Aligning with European Union environmental standards requires transitioning to renewable energy, which demands substantial investments in infrastructure, technology, and greener practices. Kosovo has made some progress toward renewable energy adoption. By 2020, the country achieved a 24.4% share of renewables in gross final energy consumption, narrowly missing its 25% target. In 2023, Kosovo became the first Western Balkan country to adopt an energy strategy excluding hydropower due to its significant environmental impact.

The Kosovo Energy Strategy 2022-2031 sets an ambitious target of achieving a minimum 35% share of renewable energy in gross final electricity consumption by 2031, a significant increase from the 6% share recorded in 2021. The strategy aims for the development of 1.6 GW of renewable electricity capacity by 2031, including 600 MW from wind, 600 MW from solar, 20 MW from biomass, and 100 MW from prosumer installations.

Renewable energy projects like the Bajgora Wind Farm (102.6 MW) and Kitka Wind Farm (32.4 MW) highlight the country’s potential for wind and solar energy. The Energy Regulatory Office (ERO) aims to introduce competitive mechanisms, such as auctions, to replace suspended feed-in tariffs, fostering a more efficient and transparent renewable energy framework.

The journey away from coal and reaching the “renewable” target by 2031 is not without its challenges. Financial constraints, the need for significant infrastructure upgrades, logistical hurdles, and the imperative of a just transition for coal-dependent communities all require careful consideration and strategic action. However, these challenges are surmountable with a clear vision, strong political will, and a commitment to prioritising the health and well-being of Kosovo's economically marginalized citizens.

The path towards healthier lungs for the people of Kosovo lies firmly in transitioning beyond the nation's current heavy reliance on coal. This transition promises not only cleaner air and healthier lungs for the population but also a more resilient economy, new opportunities for job creation, and a contribution to the global fight against climate change. The interconnectedness of energy policy and public health underscores the urgency and importance of this endeavour, paving the way for a brighter, healthier future for all Kosovars and Europe’s goals.

The question remains: how quickly can renewable sources replace coal-fired electricity? Kosovo has substantial potential in renewables, particularly wind and solar. Ongoing efforts, backed by international collaboration, are driving momentum toward harnessing these clean alternatives—promising both sustainable energy and cleaner air, but clock is ticking.